Planting media is a key component when it will grow crops. Planting media to be used must be adjusted to the type of plants you want to be planted. Determining the appropriate planting medium and standard for different types of plants native habitat is difficult. This is because each region has a humidity and wind speed are different. In general, the planting medium must be able to keep moisture around the root area, providing enough air, and can withstand the availability of nutrients.
Type of planting medium used in each region is not always the same. In Southeast Asia, for example, since 1940 using the planting medium of broken bricks, charcoal, coconut fiber, coconut bark, or stems of ferns. These materials are also not only used a single, but the materials can be combined with each other.
For example, ferns, and charcoal mixed with a certain ratio to a new planting medium. Ferns can also be mixed with broken bricks.
To get a good planting medium and according to the type of plants will be planted, a hobbyists must have an understanding of the characteristics of the planting media which may vary from each type. 8erdasarkan of constituent materials, planting media can be divided into organic and inorganic materials.
A. Organic Materials
Planting media included in the general category of organic materials derived from living organisms components, such as parts of plants such as leaves, stems, flowers, fruit, or bark. The use of organic materials as planting media is far superior compared with inorganic materials. That's because organic material is able to provide the nutrient elements for plants. In addition, organic materials also have pores macro and micro are nearly balanced so that air circulation is produced quite well and has a water absorption is high.
Organic material will undergo a process of decay or decomposition by microorganisms. Through this process, will produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and minerals. The resulting mineral nutrient sources that can be absorbed by plants as nutrients. However, the decomposition process is too fast can lead to the emergence of seedling disease. To avoid this, the planting medium must be frequently replaced. Therefore, the addition of nutrients should be still given prior to planting the media materials decompose.
Several types of organic materials that can be used as planting media including charcoal, chopped fern, compost, moss, coconut coir, manure, and humus.
1. Charcoal
Charcoal can be derived from wood or coconut shell. Media coeok plant is used for orchid plants in areas with high humidity. This is because charcoal is less able to bind water in) umlah much. The uniqueness of the media type of charcoal is its buffer (buffer). Thus, if there is some mistake in the provision of nutrients contained in manure can be neutralized and adapted.
In addition, these media materials are also not easily decayed so difficult eendawan grown mushrooms or plants that can be harmful. However, charcoal media will tend to nutrient poor. Therefore, in this planting medium should be supplied in the form of nutrient fertilization application.
Before used as planting media, ideally dipeeah charcoal into a small pieces in advance so as to facilitate the placement of the pot. Size fraction of this coal is very dependent on the container used for planting and plant species will be planted. To fill the container with a diameter of 15 em or more, commonly used charcoal-sized fraction 3 em long, 2-3 em wide, with a thickness of 2-3 em. For container (pot) is more a small, charcoal fraction size should also be smaller.
2. Trunk Pakis
Based on the color, fern stems are divided into 2, the fern bars of black and brown fern stems. Of the two types, the black fern stems more commonly used as a planting medium. Black fern stems from the fern plant is old and is more dry. In addition, this fern stems were easily formed into small pieces and chopped known as ferns.
In addition in the form of chopped, stems of ferns are also many plants sold as ready to use media in the form of rectangular plates. Generally, the form of tablets used as a medium fern growing orchids. The weakness of this fern stem plate is often inhabited by ants or kecillainnya animals.
Characteristics of the benefits of media fern stems largely because their properties are easy to bind water, have aeration and good drainage, and soft texture that easily penetrated by plant roots.
3. Compost
Compost is an organic planting medium essentially material derived from plants or fermentation of organic waste, such as straw, husks, leaves, grass, and trash the city. The advantages of using compost as a planting medium is that it can restore soil fertility by improving soil properties, both physical, chemical, or biological. In addition, compost is also a facilitator in the absorption of the element nitrogen (n) which is needed by plants.
Content of organic materials high in the compost is essential to improve soil conditions. Based on the known 2 role of soil compost and soil conditioner ameliorator. Soil (ondotioner namely the role of compost in improving soil structure, especially the dry soil, while working in ameliorator soil Il1emperbaiki cation exchange capacity in soil.
A good compost for use as a planting medium that has experienced weathering Ydng completely, indicated by I IL, changes in the color of its constituent materials (black-brown), odorless, has a low water content, and have room temperature.
4. Moss
Moss is used as the media comes from the roots planted ferns, or a lot kadaka found in the forests. Moss is often used as a planting medium to the seeding until flowering period. This media has a lot of cavities, allowing plant roots to grow and develop freely.
According to their nature, capable of binding media moss well water and have drainage and aeration systems that smoothly. For optimum crop yields, moss should be combined with other organic planting media, such as bark, peat soil, or dry leaves.
S. Manure
Organic fertilizer derived from animal waste referred to as manure. Ingredients haranya complete elements such as sodium (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to make manure suitable for planting media. These elements essential for plant growth and development. In addition, manure contain microorganisms that are believed to be able to overhaul the organic materials that are difficult to digest a component of the plant that is easier to be absorbed by plants.
The composition of the nutrient content of manure is influenced by several factors including animal type, animal age, state of the animal, type of food, paving the use, treatment, and storage before it is applied as a planting medium.
Manure will be used as a planting medium must be mature and sterile. This was indicated by the color black fertilizer. Selection manure ripe aims to prevent the emergence of bacteria or fungi that can damage the plants.
6. Coconut coir (coco peat)
Coconut or coco coir peat is an alternative organic materials that can be used as a planting medium. Coconut coir media for planting, I 'iJdiknya comes from old coconuts because it has a strong fiber.
The use of coconut fiber as a medium for planting should be done in areas bercurah low rainfall. Excessive rain can cause the media is easily decayed plant. In addition, the plant became fast decay so that it can be a source of disease. To overcome the decay, coconut fiber should first be soaked in a solution of fungicide. When compared with other media, providing media fungicides on coconut fiber should be more frequent because
Rapid sifatya so easily grown rotten mushrooms.
Excess coconut coir as a medium for planting more because of characteristics that could bind and store water in
strong, suitable for hot areas, and contains elements essential nutrients, like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (N) and phosphorus (P).
7. Rice husk
Rice husk is the husks of rice (Oryza sativa) that was ground. Rice husk can be used by the husk or husks of crude petroleum (not burnt). Husk husks of crude petroleum and has the same porosity level. As planting media, both play an important role in improving soil structure so that the aeration and drainage systems in the planting media for the better.
The use of husk fuel for planting media need not be sterilized because of microbial pathogens have died during the combustion process. In addition, the husks burn also contain carbon (C) high, making this planting medium becomes loose, however, are prone to burning husk rotting.
While the excess crude husk as the planting medium that is easy to bind water, to avoid getting rotten, is a source of potassium (K) plants needed, and not easy to agglomerate or a solid so that plant roots can grow to perfection. However, the raw rice husks tend to be nutrient poor.
8. Humus
Humus is the result of weathering all manner of organic material by micro body and a micro-energy sources such bodies. Organic Bahanbahan It could be a real network of bodies dead plants or animals that have not decayed. Usually, dark humus and ciijumpai especially in the upper layer of soil (top soil)
Humus is very helpful in the process of land penggemburan. and have the ability to power a high ion exchange so that it can
nutrient stores. Therefore, to support the fertility of the soil, however, the media is easily grown plant fungi, especially when tl'rjadi changes in temperature, humidity, and aeration is extreme. Humus porousitas also has a low level so that plant roots can not absorb water, thus, we recommend the use of topsoil as a planting medium should be added other media that have high porousitas, such as soil and sand.
B. Inorganic Materials
Inorganic material is a material with high content of mineral elements derived from the parent rock weathering processes in the earth. Weathering process is due o / er a variety of things, namely physical weathering, biological, mechanical, and chemical.
Based on the shapes and sizes, from mineral weathering parent rock can be classified into 4 forms, the pebbles or the rocks (larger than 2 mm), sand (size 50 / -1 - 2 mm), dust (size 2-50u ), and clay (less than 2ju size. Furthermore, inorganic materials can also be derived from synthetic materials or chemicals made in factories. Some inorganic media which often serve as a planting medium is a gel, sand, gravel, broken bricks , sponges, clay, vermiculite, and pearlite.
1. Gel
Gels or hydrogels are polymer crystals that are often used as a planting medium for hydroponics plants. The use of this type of media is very practical and efficient because it does not bother to replace with a new, flush, or nurture. In addition, planting media also has the color diversity so that the election can be adjusted to taste and color of plants. Therefore, it would create beauty and ornamental plants keasrian placed in the living room or den.
Almost all types of indoor plants can be grown in this medium, such as philodendron and anthurium. However, the gel is not eaeak for hard rooted plants, such as adenium or bonsai plants. It was not due to inability of gel in water supply, but more due to the growth of plant roots are hardened so that it can make a broken vase. Most nurseries would prefer a gel instead of soil to plant in the transportation distance. Aim to maintain plant moisture.
Another advantage of the gel is still beautiful even though coupled with other media. In Japan, the gel is used as a component terrarium with sand. Gel colorful can give the impression of life in the miniature garden.
2. Sand
Sand is often used as an alternative planting medium to replace the function of the soil. So far, the sand is considered sufficient and appropriate when used as a medium for seeding seed, seed growth, and rooting stem cuttings of plants. Quick-drying nature will facilitate the appointment process plant seeds that are considered old enough to be transferred to other media. While the weight heavy enough sand will facilitate the establishment of stem cuttings. In addition, the benefits of planting medium sand is the ease in use and can improve aeration and drainage system of planting media. Poor sand and building sand is a type of sand that is often used as a planting medium.
Therefore have pores large (macro pores) it becomes easy to wet sand and dry quickly by evaporation process. Cohesion and consistency (resistance to the process: o:: separation) is very small sand so easily eroded by water or ~ 'lgin. Thus, the media need more sand and water:: emupukan more intensive. This causes the sand as a medium rarely used in a single plant.
Use sand seoagai planting media mix is often combined with other inorganic materials, such as gravel, rocks, or organic materials tailored to the type of plant.
Sand or all sand beach that comes from the
High bersersalinitas a type of sand that must be avoided to: use as a planting medium, although it had been washed sand: erlebih first. High salinity in the medium can be planting, plant enyebabkan be miserable. In addition, plant organs, such as roots and leaves, also showed symptoms of the next burn tissue death (necrosis).
3. Gravel
Basically, the use of gravel as the planting medium is: different idakjauh sand. Only gravel has macro pores more than the sand. Gravel is often used as a medium for the cultivation of plants in hydroponics. The use of this medium will help the circulation of nutrient solution and air, and in principle does not suppress root growth. However, the gravel has a water binding capacity is relatively low, so easy wet and dry quickly if watering is not done routinely.
As technology advances, current synthetic gravel encountered. Synthesis gravel properties tend to resemble pumice, which has air cavities that have a lighter weight. Excess gravel gravel synthesis compared to normal is a pretty good ability to absorb water. In addition, the resulting drainage system is also good that retains moisture and air circulation within the planting medium.
4. Broken bricks
Broken bricks can also be used as a media alternative planting. Like other inorganic materials, media types also serves to attach the root. Instead, the size of bricks that will be used as the media made a small plant, such as gravel, with a size of about 2-3 em. The more a small size, the absorption capacity of brick to water and nutrients will increasingly balk. In addition, the growing size will also make a small air circulation and humidity around the plant roots better place.
It is worth noting the growing use of media
This is a nutrient-poor condition. In addition, the cleanliness and sterility broken bricks that is not necessarily guaranteed. Therefore, the use of these media need to be added to the composition of manure haranya tailored to the needs of plants.
Although nutrient poor, broken bricks the media is not easy to mold. Thus, broken bricks suitable for use as a planting medium in the bottom of the pot because it has a drainage capacity and good aeration. Plants are often used broken bricks as the basic medium is potted orchids.
5. Sponges (floralfoam)
The hobbyists who engaged in the cultivation of ornamental plants are often use as a media spans inorganic plant. Viewed from nature, spans very light and easily transported and placed anywhere. Although lightweight, this type of media does not require weights because after soaked or drenched with water will be heavy by itself so it can enforce the plant.
Another advantage of the planting media is the high spans absorption
of water and essential nutrients that are usually given in the form of solution. However, its use did not last long because the material is easily destroyed. Therefore, if the spans are seen as being suitable to be used (easily destroyed when held), should be replaced with new ones. Based on the strengths and weaknesses, spans are often used as a planting medium for ornamental plants cut flowers (flower cutting) which tends to use it only temporarily.
6. Clay
A clay soil type most finely textured, sticky or muddy. Characteristics of clay is to have a small-sized poripori (micro pore) which is more than the pores are large (macro pores) that has water binding capacity strong enough. Micro pores are fine pores that contain water or air capillaries. While the macro pores are coarse pores that contain air or gravity water easily lost. Space of each pore size is very small micro causing water or air circulation becomes sluggish.
Basically, clay is poor nutrients that it needs to be combined with other materials which are rich in nutrients. The use of clay combined with other materials such as sand and humus is suitable be used as seeding medium, eangkok, and bonsai.
7. Vermiculite and pearlite
Vermiculite is sterile inorganic medium resulting from
pemananasan pieces of mica and contains potassium and H ', not yet. By their nature, vermiculite is a growing medium that has the ability of cation exchange capacity is high, especially in the solid state and at the wet. Vermiculite can lower density, and increase water absorption when used as a media mix plants. If used as a mixture of planting medium,
vermiculite to reduce weight and increase the power of water absorption so that it can easily be absorbed by plant roots.
In contrast to the vermiculite, pearlite is a lightweight mineral products and has a cation exchange capacity and water absorption is low. As a mixture of planting media, the same function with vermiculite pearlite, ie, lower density and increase water absorption.
The use of vermiculite and pearlite in the planting medium should be combined with organic materials to optimize the plant in absorbing nutrient elements.
8. Cork (Styrofoam)
Styrofoam is an inorganic material made from copolymers
styren which can be used as an alternative planting medium. Initially, styrofoam is used only as a medium for acclimatization (the adjustment) for plants grown on land before. Acclimatization process is only temporary. Styrofoam is used jengan cube sizes (1 x 1 x 1) cm.
Now, some nurseries use styrofoam as a mixture of planting media to improve the planting porousitas media. Jntuk this purpose, styrofoam is used in a form that has been destroyed so that the small balls, about the size of soybean seeds. Additions styrofoam into the planting medium made
mennjadi light. However, the planting medium is often used as nests by the ants.
source: Kebonkembang.com
Tissue Culture of Dendrobium Orchid
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1. Preparation Eksplan
Parent eksplan sources used for seed production angggrek Dendrobium spp. in vitro is to clear type, species, and varieties and should be healthy and free from pests and diseases. Sugito (2007) adds that the plants will be eksplan source must have high economic value, the market liked the production, the plants healthy, grow well and normal. Also used indukan age to 1.5 years old at the time of flowering and placed in a green house.
To assist or facilitate the pollination of orchids, an attempt is made with the help of artificial pollination with the help of humans. At this pollination, cross pollination is often done. Cross pollination aims to reproduce the type or types of orchids, for example by crossing the color or the nature-siat other superior.
In general orchid orchids out odor when ripe for pollinated, but not all orchids out odor when ripe. Most appropriate one can be pollinated flowers is to smell it in the morning, afternoon and evening. We smelled the strong odor / smell and pistils mucus, that's the best time to do the pollination.
The smell and beautiful colors are attractive to insects and other animals that assist in the process of pollination. Purple is the color most favored by bees or other insects, which in general do pollination in the morning, before at 08.00-10.00 WIB. The flowers are inconspicuous and less attractive, such as light yellow white, etc., will be conducted by penyerbukanya the Active insects at night.
During the fruit ripening process, are encouraged to perform routine maintenance to include orchids indukan watering, fertilizing, and pest and disease control to improve the quality of seeds produced.
In general, fruit dark green orchids, and when cooked, turned into yellowish. Dendrobium orchids form of fruit is a small round. At one flower stalk can grow some fruit orchids. However, if the number of flower stalks more than two, then the seeds inside the fruit will experience cell death (there are only testa alone, without protocorm, so just like cotton). Orchid fruit shapes to form a six ribs, but really only three true ribs. When the cut across it will be collected at three angles true ribs. (Ir. Daisy 2000).
2. Making Media
Media is one of the most important thing in the culture in vitro. Medi cultures in vitro contain the various elements of nutrients that can meet the growth needs of the dendrobium orchids.
A very rapid development of nutrient medium for plant cell growth starting in the 1960s and 1970s. Basic nutrition for plant cell culture is basically similar to the nutrients needed by the plant itself. However, the variation depending on the nutritional composition of cells, tissue-nets, the organs and protoplasm and plant species will dikulturkan. Before making nutrient medium, one very important thing to note is knowing in advance which type of culture that will be used, for example: callus, cells, organs or protoplas that will be examined and the final goal of the study. A different type of culture will have one or more unique composition of the media.
Tissue culture medium formulation was first made based on the composition of the solution used for hydroponics, especially the composition makronya elements. Nutrient elements are given in the form of inorganic salts. Koposisis media and formulation development is based on the type of tissue, organs and plants used and the approach of each researcher. Some types are sensitive to high concentrations of macro compounds or substances require specific regulators for growth. Media for growth of roots that developed by White (Gunawan 1934 in 1988), the first White to use the media containing inorganic salts, yeast extract and sucrose, but then the yeast extract was replaced with 3 kinds of vitamins B, namely pyridoxine, thiamine and nicotinic acid (Chawla, 2002).
In general, an orchid seed plant organs that contain no food reserves. So that cell metabolism in orchid seeds for growth can not last. The lack of supply or additional nutrients, cells will die. Therefore, the provision of nutrients in the growth media, is absolutely necessary (Ir. Daisy 2000).
Orchid seeds have no food reserves. But in nature, capable of germination, although in a very small percentage. This is because the organic materials in the supply by the Mycorrhiza fungi that live in orchid seed. Therefore, on artificial media in the bottle, should be available December food reserves of carbon, which is necessary for orchid seed germination. (Ir. Daisy 2000).
It is almost certain that the success of in vitro culture activities will be very determined and depends on the choice of media used. Should be remembered kultu in vitro pressing environmental eksplan cook so can grow and develop. A suitable environment, some will be fulfilled if the selected media to consider what is needed by plants. In general, plants need the same nutrients, but in particular it is different. The similarity is a plant needs: elements of macro and micro nutrients, vitamins, carbohydrates (sugars), amino acids and organic materials, substances regulating growth, substance compactor (in order) (Untug Santoso 2004).
In making the media, takes accuracy when weighing the components of the media because of errors in the weighing could be fatal for the growth of culture. In general, the main composition of the planting medium in vitro culture, consisting of zpt (growth regulator substances) macro elements and micro elements, zpt, vitamins, amino acids, compactor material (so), in the form of the sugar glucose, sterile water. The addition of natural organic material in the media will also increase the growth and development of the embryo dendrobium orchids. Natural organic materials that are added to this medium is coconut milk, banana extract, corn extract, and fish emulsion.
Media used of Orchids are the media (VW). Composition of culture media each stage has a combination of different cultures according to the stages that will be developed, such as media tebar, sub culture, and the trans end.
Embryo culture techniques (sowing seeds) on solid media is a way of plant propagation is most often performed. Because, besides not require a lot of knowledge, as well as the growth rate of seeds into PLB, and so become planlet, will grow faster. Seeds taken from fruit orchids have the right cook. Tanman orchids will produce high value when the fruit comes from a cross between two types of orchids, each of which has a beautiful flower colors and high durability of terhadapa diseases and environmental stresses. Because the fruit of hard skin, the fruit of sterilization can be carried out by mechanical means which can be burned with spirtus fire. Implementation of the burning done in enkan space, so that when the fruit in sterile conditions, do not need to be moved to a distant room. This is done so that contamination can be avoided. (Ir. Daisy 2000)
There are three types of media to use, namely tebar phase media, subculture, and transplanting. Media foundation of the three media is the media VW (Vacin & Went). According to Hendaryono (2000), based on research that has repeatedly, it is best orchid in the media dikulturkan VW.
Media tebar, subculture, or transplanting in principle the same, but the difference is the composition of additional organic materials and the added hormones. This difference occurs because of the many nutrients that are needed by each PLB which dikulturkan on different media. Media tebar made simpler composition than the media subculture or transplanting. This is because according to research Handoyo Budi Orchids in mind that nutrition is given to the media has been able to meet the needs of PLB orchids to grow and thrive. PLB is planted in the media subculture requires fewer nutrients than planlet planted in the media transplanting (Satwika, 2003).
3. Sterilization
Effort to overcome a microorganisms is crucial in culture in vitro. All media, culture bottles, and tools used to handle this should be made to sterile as planting materials were used. To menecegah happening is the place where the activities carried out in vitro culture should be free from microorganisms and pathogens. The success of the place, neatness and accuracy of work needs to be maintained in order to reduce the risk of contamination.
Sterilization is one of the procedures used to kill microorganisms. Maintaining sterile and disease (keaseptikan) or sterile conditions are essential for success in tissue culture procedures. Aseptic conditions are required for all bottles to be used culture, culture media, equipment to be used in investment activities eksplan.
Life can be a contaminant fungi, bacteria, insects and their eggs, mites and spores. If these contaminants are not removed, then the media containing sugar, vitamins and minerals, contaminants, especially fungi and bacteria will grow rapidly. In a few days, contaminants will meet the entire bottle culture. Closed Eksplan contaminants eventually die. Example enkas. Enkas should be sterilized by using UV subs 30 minutes, but in enkas Formalin sterilized using tablets. Enkas in every corner of formaldehyde in Place 7 tablets. This is very efefktif as a way of sterilizing enkas useful ekspal As with the planting.
In addition the tools used such as spatulas, tweezers, etc. dielapi denganb alcohol 96% and then burned.
For fruit orchids as applied enough planlet alcohol 96%, and burned up all the microorganisms die and can reduce contamination.
4. Subculture
Subculture in principle aims to double the Protocorm Like Bodies (PLB) or propagated planting material and keep it in certain circumstances, so any time may be continued for the next stage.
Subculture on this dendrobium orchid is the transfer of dendrobium orchids are still very small from old media to new media aseptically performed in enkas. Which aims to get a supply plant nutrients for growth.
The ability to reproduce true from a multiplication of the in-vitro lies in whether or not a material easily re-planted for multiplication (Wetherell, 1976). Orchid sprouts or prtocorm like bodies (PLB) is in good condition and not contaminated from the stage or the stocking of disubkulturkan transferred to media containing cytokines. PLB produced in the number doubled disubkulturkan continue repeatedly until achieved the expected number of propagule. After that, micro shoots can be rooted and diaklimatisasikan.
Subcultures can be done over and over again until the number of shoots that we expect. But subculture that too much can reduce the quality of shoots produced, such as the occurrence of genetic aberration (aberration), causing a symptom abnormalities (vitrifikasi) and the frequency of off-type plants is very large.
Subcultures can be done with the view of some components of the media was thinned so that the element haranya is up, growth has filled the bottle and when needed according to the specified time. PLB after 3 months of tebar's time in subculture. PLB's green and many taken using the long spoon and then transferred to the subculture medium and PLB evenly attached to the media. Subcultures can be done repeatedly until achieved the expected number of PLB without sacrificing the quality buds. According to Yusita (2004) subculture that too much can reduce the quality of the shoot as vitrifikasi (a physiological disorder symptoms) and aberration (genetic drift). This situation occurs because of growing subculture that is more frequent in the media conditioned plants that contain cytokines, which increases power regeneration.
5. Transplanting
Transplanting an enlarged stage and rooting PLB subculture results. Transplanting done in the same room as the enkas tebar process seeds and subculture, seek a sterile culture results. Transplanting are activities that aim to achieve a good quality seed for sale and diaklimatisasi that the process requires precision and patience choose planlet of subculture results. PLB-PLB is not the time for the transplanting in another subculture subculture in the media.
Failure in transplanting caused the planters themselves. Contamination is one limiting factor in breeding success of tissue culture plants, it can happen any time in the culture. So must keep still so as not exposed to sterile miroorganisme (fungi, bacteria, or viruses) that enter and multiply rapidly which will attack the plants in culture bottles which consequently can inhibit plant growth or kill plants.
In addition to the failure in transplanting contamination can result from sterilization of transplanting a burning tool (tweezers) and the mouth of the bottle is still too hot to do. This mengakbatkan tanamn become dark brown / burnt so dead. But not all plants are not dead, there are still a living, then the revision.
Revision is the replacement of the dead planlet after the trans end. Revision usually results from steriliasi (burning mouth bottle) that is too long. Heating the usual cause is too long hangusnya plant tissue, because the network is still trlalu young plants. Revisions can also occur due to separation of the trans planlet at the end of inadvertent. Planlet separation must be done carefully, because the network is still young planlet very vulnerable to injuries causing friction. The wound tissue became bruised from the friction, it will become rotten and dead.
After transplanting the bottles are stored in the incubation room. This dal preparation bottle endeavored to avoid overcrowding. Thus, in addition to avoiding contamination, as well as facilitate clean room. It jams up the contamination so that the bottle was finished in transplanting the lid again given the plastic lid and tied with rubber.
At the time of incubation there will be quality control. Is transferring control Kuality bottle good orchid growth and uniforms to the level of the shelves in the incubation room. It is useful also to know the age and quality of dendrobium orchids that grow sediri.
6. Acclimatization
Acclimatization is the period of adaptation in plant breeding of the original tissue culture conditions are controlled and changed in the condition field conditions are not controlled anymore, besides that, the plant also must change the pattern of plant life heterotrop to tanama autotrop.
In doing grouping plantlet acclimatization selection results. Plantlet grouped by size to obtain uniform seedlings. Before planting plantlet should be selected first based on the completeness of the organ, color, hekeran growth, and size. Plantlet good is the full organ, has shoots and roots, the color green bud that is not stable and transparent good root growth.
According to Poster (2005) the characteristics of very good seed is planlet looked healthy and not moldy, planlet uniform size, fresh green leaves, and no yellowing. In addition to normal growth planlet, not stunted, leaf and root composition balanced, Pseudobulb or pseudo bulbs begin to appear and a small portion has issued new shoots, and has a number of fibrous roots from 3 to 4 roots with a length of 1.5 to 2.5 cm. Breeding procedure with a new in vitro culture could be said to succeed if planlet can diaklimatisasi to external conditions with high success. Acclimatization planlet aims to prepare to be ready planted in the field. Acclimatization stage is absolutely done on plants produced in vitro propagation because planlet will experience physiological changes caused by environmental factors. This can be understood because breeding in vitro (in bottles) all controlled environmental factors while in the field of environmental factors difficult to control (Herawan, 2006; Yusnita, 2004).
In the culture bottle, the humidity is almost always 100%. Acclimatization is critical stage because the micro-climate conditions in a greenhouse, plastic house, seed house, and the field is very much different. Conditions outside bottle berkelembapan much lower relative, not aseptic, and the light intensity level is much higher than the conditions in the bud botol.planlet or more micro heterotrofik since grown accustomed to the very high berkelembaban condition, aseptically, and the supply of mineral nutrients and abundance of energy resources.
In addition, these plants memperlihhatkan abnormal symptoms, such as is very succulent, thin cuticle layer, and the network is not fully developed vasikulernya, abnormal leaf morphology with no properly functioning stomata, mesophyll structure changed, and very low photosynthetic activity.
Acclimatization is done by conditioned media planlet the ex vitro rooting. Media that we use in the process of acclimatization to the ferns and orchids are charcoal / tiles. In addition, the moisture in the acclimatization remain high set in the first week, declining gradually in the following weeks until new roots grow from planlet. The light set of low intensity, gradually increasing. The acclimatization temperature should be maintained so as not to exceed 32oC.
After the acclimatization process of orchids were treated as follows:
a). Compotting
The size of the pot that is used to compote diameter of about 7 cm in this pot filled with about 30 seeds or seedlings depending on the size of orchid seedlings. First of all pots to be used sterofoam filled with about 1 / 3 parts, then chopped fern and orchid seedlings neatly arranged ..
b). Seedling (the Single Investment Pot)
Seedling is the process of moving seeds from compote into individual pots. Seedling performed at 5-month-old seedlings. If the plant can cause late diseedling compote seeds in the competition so that the absorption of nutrients and root obstructed at risk of being corrupted. Usually done seedling placed in a glass of mineral water used. Media used for each of orchids vary depending on the needs of the water. Media for Dendrobium is wrapped in sphagnum which plant roots, and plants grown in plastic cups that have been filled chopped sterofoam and ferns. Usually the media are also grown in the fern bars and tied with raffia rope. The characteristics of the seed is ready for the seedling roots was marked by growing more powerful and leaves the leaf was already out of the lip of the pot.
c). Overpot (Transfer of seeds)
Overpot done when the plants in a single pot are eligible to be moved, which indicated the number of tubers premises. Tanamn moved to a larger pot. Usually done after 2-3 months-old seedling. Medium used is a piece of fern bars arranged on a regular basis or one by one and tied with raffia rope premises.
d). Repotting
Repotting or re pengepotan is moving plants potted plant from the old to the new pot. Repotting orchids do if the pot has grown seedling and filled plastic popt. Pengepotan re-done on the grounds of the media in seedling pots have decayed and destroyed so that a low ph (acid) and susceptible to disease (Parnata, 2005). In addition, in anticipation of the media who have run out of nutrients. Media for repotting is also different for each type of orchid needs depends on the water.
Bibliography
Arianie, R. 2007. Studi Teknik Pemeliharaan Pada Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis sp.) Malang: Laporan Kuliah Kerja Propesi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya Malang.
Darmono, D.W. 2006. Menghasilkan Anggrek Silangan. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya
Daisy P. Wijayani, Ari. 1994. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius Gunawan,
L.W. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
HBO, 2008. Handoyo Budi Orchids Laboratorium Pembibitan Aggrek dan Show Room. Malang: Handoyo Budi Orchids
Hendaryono, D.P.S. 2007. Pembibitan Anggrek dalam Botol. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Hendaryono, D.P.S dan A. Wijayani. 2006. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Lavarack, B, W. Hariis, and G. Stocker. 2000. Dendrobium Orchids. Australia: Kangaroo Press
Santoso, U dan Nursandi F. 2004. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Malang: UMM Press.
_______________________. 2001. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Malang: UMM Press.
Trubus. 2005. Anggrek Dendrobium. Jakarta : PT Trubus Swadaya
Yusnita. 2004. Kultur Jaringan Cara Memperbanyak Tanaman Secara Efisien. Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka.
Parent eksplan sources used for seed production angggrek Dendrobium spp. in vitro is to clear type, species, and varieties and should be healthy and free from pests and diseases. Sugito (2007) adds that the plants will be eksplan source must have high economic value, the market liked the production, the plants healthy, grow well and normal. Also used indukan age to 1.5 years old at the time of flowering and placed in a green house.
To assist or facilitate the pollination of orchids, an attempt is made with the help of artificial pollination with the help of humans. At this pollination, cross pollination is often done. Cross pollination aims to reproduce the type or types of orchids, for example by crossing the color or the nature-siat other superior.
In general orchid orchids out odor when ripe for pollinated, but not all orchids out odor when ripe. Most appropriate one can be pollinated flowers is to smell it in the morning, afternoon and evening. We smelled the strong odor / smell and pistils mucus, that's the best time to do the pollination.
The smell and beautiful colors are attractive to insects and other animals that assist in the process of pollination. Purple is the color most favored by bees or other insects, which in general do pollination in the morning, before at 08.00-10.00 WIB. The flowers are inconspicuous and less attractive, such as light yellow white, etc., will be conducted by penyerbukanya the Active insects at night.
During the fruit ripening process, are encouraged to perform routine maintenance to include orchids indukan watering, fertilizing, and pest and disease control to improve the quality of seeds produced.
In general, fruit dark green orchids, and when cooked, turned into yellowish. Dendrobium orchids form of fruit is a small round. At one flower stalk can grow some fruit orchids. However, if the number of flower stalks more than two, then the seeds inside the fruit will experience cell death (there are only testa alone, without protocorm, so just like cotton). Orchid fruit shapes to form a six ribs, but really only three true ribs. When the cut across it will be collected at three angles true ribs. (Ir. Daisy 2000).
2. Making Media
Media is one of the most important thing in the culture in vitro. Medi cultures in vitro contain the various elements of nutrients that can meet the growth needs of the dendrobium orchids.
A very rapid development of nutrient medium for plant cell growth starting in the 1960s and 1970s. Basic nutrition for plant cell culture is basically similar to the nutrients needed by the plant itself. However, the variation depending on the nutritional composition of cells, tissue-nets, the organs and protoplasm and plant species will dikulturkan. Before making nutrient medium, one very important thing to note is knowing in advance which type of culture that will be used, for example: callus, cells, organs or protoplas that will be examined and the final goal of the study. A different type of culture will have one or more unique composition of the media.
Tissue culture medium formulation was first made based on the composition of the solution used for hydroponics, especially the composition makronya elements. Nutrient elements are given in the form of inorganic salts. Koposisis media and formulation development is based on the type of tissue, organs and plants used and the approach of each researcher. Some types are sensitive to high concentrations of macro compounds or substances require specific regulators for growth. Media for growth of roots that developed by White (Gunawan 1934 in 1988), the first White to use the media containing inorganic salts, yeast extract and sucrose, but then the yeast extract was replaced with 3 kinds of vitamins B, namely pyridoxine, thiamine and nicotinic acid (Chawla, 2002).
In general, an orchid seed plant organs that contain no food reserves. So that cell metabolism in orchid seeds for growth can not last. The lack of supply or additional nutrients, cells will die. Therefore, the provision of nutrients in the growth media, is absolutely necessary (Ir. Daisy 2000).
Orchid seeds have no food reserves. But in nature, capable of germination, although in a very small percentage. This is because the organic materials in the supply by the Mycorrhiza fungi that live in orchid seed. Therefore, on artificial media in the bottle, should be available December food reserves of carbon, which is necessary for orchid seed germination. (Ir. Daisy 2000).
It is almost certain that the success of in vitro culture activities will be very determined and depends on the choice of media used. Should be remembered kultu in vitro pressing environmental eksplan cook so can grow and develop. A suitable environment, some will be fulfilled if the selected media to consider what is needed by plants. In general, plants need the same nutrients, but in particular it is different. The similarity is a plant needs: elements of macro and micro nutrients, vitamins, carbohydrates (sugars), amino acids and organic materials, substances regulating growth, substance compactor (in order) (Untug Santoso 2004).
In making the media, takes accuracy when weighing the components of the media because of errors in the weighing could be fatal for the growth of culture. In general, the main composition of the planting medium in vitro culture, consisting of zpt (growth regulator substances) macro elements and micro elements, zpt, vitamins, amino acids, compactor material (so), in the form of the sugar glucose, sterile water. The addition of natural organic material in the media will also increase the growth and development of the embryo dendrobium orchids. Natural organic materials that are added to this medium is coconut milk, banana extract, corn extract, and fish emulsion.
Media used of Orchids are the media (VW). Composition of culture media each stage has a combination of different cultures according to the stages that will be developed, such as media tebar, sub culture, and the trans end.
Embryo culture techniques (sowing seeds) on solid media is a way of plant propagation is most often performed. Because, besides not require a lot of knowledge, as well as the growth rate of seeds into PLB, and so become planlet, will grow faster. Seeds taken from fruit orchids have the right cook. Tanman orchids will produce high value when the fruit comes from a cross between two types of orchids, each of which has a beautiful flower colors and high durability of terhadapa diseases and environmental stresses. Because the fruit of hard skin, the fruit of sterilization can be carried out by mechanical means which can be burned with spirtus fire. Implementation of the burning done in enkan space, so that when the fruit in sterile conditions, do not need to be moved to a distant room. This is done so that contamination can be avoided. (Ir. Daisy 2000)
There are three types of media to use, namely tebar phase media, subculture, and transplanting. Media foundation of the three media is the media VW (Vacin & Went). According to Hendaryono (2000), based on research that has repeatedly, it is best orchid in the media dikulturkan VW.
Media tebar, subculture, or transplanting in principle the same, but the difference is the composition of additional organic materials and the added hormones. This difference occurs because of the many nutrients that are needed by each PLB which dikulturkan on different media. Media tebar made simpler composition than the media subculture or transplanting. This is because according to research Handoyo Budi Orchids in mind that nutrition is given to the media has been able to meet the needs of PLB orchids to grow and thrive. PLB is planted in the media subculture requires fewer nutrients than planlet planted in the media transplanting (Satwika, 2003).
3. Sterilization
Effort to overcome a microorganisms is crucial in culture in vitro. All media, culture bottles, and tools used to handle this should be made to sterile as planting materials were used. To menecegah happening is the place where the activities carried out in vitro culture should be free from microorganisms and pathogens. The success of the place, neatness and accuracy of work needs to be maintained in order to reduce the risk of contamination.
Sterilization is one of the procedures used to kill microorganisms. Maintaining sterile and disease (keaseptikan) or sterile conditions are essential for success in tissue culture procedures. Aseptic conditions are required for all bottles to be used culture, culture media, equipment to be used in investment activities eksplan.
Life can be a contaminant fungi, bacteria, insects and their eggs, mites and spores. If these contaminants are not removed, then the media containing sugar, vitamins and minerals, contaminants, especially fungi and bacteria will grow rapidly. In a few days, contaminants will meet the entire bottle culture. Closed Eksplan contaminants eventually die. Example enkas. Enkas should be sterilized by using UV subs 30 minutes, but in enkas Formalin sterilized using tablets. Enkas in every corner of formaldehyde in Place 7 tablets. This is very efefktif as a way of sterilizing enkas useful ekspal As with the planting.
In addition the tools used such as spatulas, tweezers, etc. dielapi denganb alcohol 96% and then burned.
For fruit orchids as applied enough planlet alcohol 96%, and burned up all the microorganisms die and can reduce contamination.
4. Subculture
Subculture in principle aims to double the Protocorm Like Bodies (PLB) or propagated planting material and keep it in certain circumstances, so any time may be continued for the next stage.
Subculture on this dendrobium orchid is the transfer of dendrobium orchids are still very small from old media to new media aseptically performed in enkas. Which aims to get a supply plant nutrients for growth.
The ability to reproduce true from a multiplication of the in-vitro lies in whether or not a material easily re-planted for multiplication (Wetherell, 1976). Orchid sprouts or prtocorm like bodies (PLB) is in good condition and not contaminated from the stage or the stocking of disubkulturkan transferred to media containing cytokines. PLB produced in the number doubled disubkulturkan continue repeatedly until achieved the expected number of propagule. After that, micro shoots can be rooted and diaklimatisasikan.
Subcultures can be done over and over again until the number of shoots that we expect. But subculture that too much can reduce the quality of shoots produced, such as the occurrence of genetic aberration (aberration), causing a symptom abnormalities (vitrifikasi) and the frequency of off-type plants is very large.
Subcultures can be done with the view of some components of the media was thinned so that the element haranya is up, growth has filled the bottle and when needed according to the specified time. PLB after 3 months of tebar's time in subculture. PLB's green and many taken using the long spoon and then transferred to the subculture medium and PLB evenly attached to the media. Subcultures can be done repeatedly until achieved the expected number of PLB without sacrificing the quality buds. According to Yusita (2004) subculture that too much can reduce the quality of the shoot as vitrifikasi (a physiological disorder symptoms) and aberration (genetic drift). This situation occurs because of growing subculture that is more frequent in the media conditioned plants that contain cytokines, which increases power regeneration.
5. Transplanting
Transplanting an enlarged stage and rooting PLB subculture results. Transplanting done in the same room as the enkas tebar process seeds and subculture, seek a sterile culture results. Transplanting are activities that aim to achieve a good quality seed for sale and diaklimatisasi that the process requires precision and patience choose planlet of subculture results. PLB-PLB is not the time for the transplanting in another subculture subculture in the media.
Failure in transplanting caused the planters themselves. Contamination is one limiting factor in breeding success of tissue culture plants, it can happen any time in the culture. So must keep still so as not exposed to sterile miroorganisme (fungi, bacteria, or viruses) that enter and multiply rapidly which will attack the plants in culture bottles which consequently can inhibit plant growth or kill plants.
In addition to the failure in transplanting contamination can result from sterilization of transplanting a burning tool (tweezers) and the mouth of the bottle is still too hot to do. This mengakbatkan tanamn become dark brown / burnt so dead. But not all plants are not dead, there are still a living, then the revision.
Revision is the replacement of the dead planlet after the trans end. Revision usually results from steriliasi (burning mouth bottle) that is too long. Heating the usual cause is too long hangusnya plant tissue, because the network is still trlalu young plants. Revisions can also occur due to separation of the trans planlet at the end of inadvertent. Planlet separation must be done carefully, because the network is still young planlet very vulnerable to injuries causing friction. The wound tissue became bruised from the friction, it will become rotten and dead.
After transplanting the bottles are stored in the incubation room. This dal preparation bottle endeavored to avoid overcrowding. Thus, in addition to avoiding contamination, as well as facilitate clean room. It jams up the contamination so that the bottle was finished in transplanting the lid again given the plastic lid and tied with rubber.
At the time of incubation there will be quality control. Is transferring control Kuality bottle good orchid growth and uniforms to the level of the shelves in the incubation room. It is useful also to know the age and quality of dendrobium orchids that grow sediri.
6. Acclimatization
Acclimatization is the period of adaptation in plant breeding of the original tissue culture conditions are controlled and changed in the condition field conditions are not controlled anymore, besides that, the plant also must change the pattern of plant life heterotrop to tanama autotrop.
In doing grouping plantlet acclimatization selection results. Plantlet grouped by size to obtain uniform seedlings. Before planting plantlet should be selected first based on the completeness of the organ, color, hekeran growth, and size. Plantlet good is the full organ, has shoots and roots, the color green bud that is not stable and transparent good root growth.
According to Poster (2005) the characteristics of very good seed is planlet looked healthy and not moldy, planlet uniform size, fresh green leaves, and no yellowing. In addition to normal growth planlet, not stunted, leaf and root composition balanced, Pseudobulb or pseudo bulbs begin to appear and a small portion has issued new shoots, and has a number of fibrous roots from 3 to 4 roots with a length of 1.5 to 2.5 cm. Breeding procedure with a new in vitro culture could be said to succeed if planlet can diaklimatisasi to external conditions with high success. Acclimatization planlet aims to prepare to be ready planted in the field. Acclimatization stage is absolutely done on plants produced in vitro propagation because planlet will experience physiological changes caused by environmental factors. This can be understood because breeding in vitro (in bottles) all controlled environmental factors while in the field of environmental factors difficult to control (Herawan, 2006; Yusnita, 2004).
In the culture bottle, the humidity is almost always 100%. Acclimatization is critical stage because the micro-climate conditions in a greenhouse, plastic house, seed house, and the field is very much different. Conditions outside bottle berkelembapan much lower relative, not aseptic, and the light intensity level is much higher than the conditions in the bud botol.planlet or more micro heterotrofik since grown accustomed to the very high berkelembaban condition, aseptically, and the supply of mineral nutrients and abundance of energy resources.
In addition, these plants memperlihhatkan abnormal symptoms, such as is very succulent, thin cuticle layer, and the network is not fully developed vasikulernya, abnormal leaf morphology with no properly functioning stomata, mesophyll structure changed, and very low photosynthetic activity.
Acclimatization is done by conditioned media planlet the ex vitro rooting. Media that we use in the process of acclimatization to the ferns and orchids are charcoal / tiles. In addition, the moisture in the acclimatization remain high set in the first week, declining gradually in the following weeks until new roots grow from planlet. The light set of low intensity, gradually increasing. The acclimatization temperature should be maintained so as not to exceed 32oC.
After the acclimatization process of orchids were treated as follows:
a). Compotting
The size of the pot that is used to compote diameter of about 7 cm in this pot filled with about 30 seeds or seedlings depending on the size of orchid seedlings. First of all pots to be used sterofoam filled with about 1 / 3 parts, then chopped fern and orchid seedlings neatly arranged ..
b). Seedling (the Single Investment Pot)
Seedling is the process of moving seeds from compote into individual pots. Seedling performed at 5-month-old seedlings. If the plant can cause late diseedling compote seeds in the competition so that the absorption of nutrients and root obstructed at risk of being corrupted. Usually done seedling placed in a glass of mineral water used. Media used for each of orchids vary depending on the needs of the water. Media for Dendrobium is wrapped in sphagnum which plant roots, and plants grown in plastic cups that have been filled chopped sterofoam and ferns. Usually the media are also grown in the fern bars and tied with raffia rope. The characteristics of the seed is ready for the seedling roots was marked by growing more powerful and leaves the leaf was already out of the lip of the pot.
c). Overpot (Transfer of seeds)
Overpot done when the plants in a single pot are eligible to be moved, which indicated the number of tubers premises. Tanamn moved to a larger pot. Usually done after 2-3 months-old seedling. Medium used is a piece of fern bars arranged on a regular basis or one by one and tied with raffia rope premises.
d). Repotting
Repotting or re pengepotan is moving plants potted plant from the old to the new pot. Repotting orchids do if the pot has grown seedling and filled plastic popt. Pengepotan re-done on the grounds of the media in seedling pots have decayed and destroyed so that a low ph (acid) and susceptible to disease (Parnata, 2005). In addition, in anticipation of the media who have run out of nutrients. Media for repotting is also different for each type of orchid needs depends on the water.
Bibliography
Arianie, R. 2007. Studi Teknik Pemeliharaan Pada Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis sp.) Malang: Laporan Kuliah Kerja Propesi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya Malang.
Darmono, D.W. 2006. Menghasilkan Anggrek Silangan. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya
Daisy P. Wijayani, Ari. 1994. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius Gunawan,
L.W. 1992. Teknik Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
HBO, 2008. Handoyo Budi Orchids Laboratorium Pembibitan Aggrek dan Show Room. Malang: Handoyo Budi Orchids
Hendaryono, D.P.S. 2007. Pembibitan Anggrek dalam Botol. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Hendaryono, D.P.S dan A. Wijayani. 2006. Teknik Kultur Jaringan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Lavarack, B, W. Hariis, and G. Stocker. 2000. Dendrobium Orchids. Australia: Kangaroo Press
Santoso, U dan Nursandi F. 2004. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Malang: UMM Press.
_______________________. 2001. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Malang: UMM Press.
Trubus. 2005. Anggrek Dendrobium. Jakarta : PT Trubus Swadaya
Yusnita. 2004. Kultur Jaringan Cara Memperbanyak Tanaman Secara Efisien. Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka.
Propagatiaon of Dendrobium
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1. Propagation In Conventional
a. Conventional vegetative propagation
Conventional vegetative propagation can be done through a resolution / separation of family and children or cutting plants out of the trunk, who then planted into the same medium such as ferns, mos coconut fiber, charcoal, wood shavings, with a mixture of broken tiles or bricks. Vegetative Propagation of this plant will produce children who have genetic properties similar to its parent.
2.Dendrobium orchids can multiply by tissue culture.
In vitro culture is a method to isolate parts of plants such as protoplasm, cells, tissues or organs are sterile, grown in sterile artificial media, in a sterile culture bottles and aseptic conditions, so that those parts which regenerate into complete plants .
Basic theory is a theory used totipotensi written by Schleiden and Schwann (Suryowinoto and Suryowinoto, 1977) which states that totipotensi theory is part of the living plant has totipotensi, when cultured in appropriate media, will be able to grow and develop into a perfect plant , that is able to reproduce normally reproduce by seeds or spores.
There are several ways the implementation of culture in vitro, depending on planting material and digunaka media as part of the plant protoplasm, cells, a group of cells, tissues and organs and grow them in aseptic conditions, so that these parts can be propagated and regenerated into whole plants back ( Gunawan, 1992).
Sexual plant propagation through in vitro culture has been developed for orchid plants. This plant has a fruit with seeds of a very large and small ukuranya like powdered flour (Lucky Santoso 2004) then it is called seed.
In Dendrobium plant breeding programs, generally conducted artificial crosses between the parent plant (P) to produce a new hybrid. Crosses made more easily managed if done between plants with a close kinship.
Pollination and fertilization can be successful but after the artificial crosses are often encountered problems such as fallen fruit that formed when the embryo was not yet ripe, the fruit is formed with a small endosperm or embryos formed fruits with small and weak. These conditions can inhibit plant breeding programs for the young embryo, the embryo with a small endosperm or embryos are often small and weak can not normally germinate in ordinary conditions.
To overcome this mentioned above, these embryos can be saved and planted in aseptic in artificial media that can germinate and produce plants intact. Techniques for planting a young embryo is known as embryo rescue (embryo rescue).
In addition to the embryo rescue technique is known as an embryo culture techniques (embryo culture), the planting of mature embryos on artificial medium in aseptic. This embryo culture applications include plant propagation, breaking dormancy for the glorification of the program and accelerate the multiplication of plants that are naturally hard to germinate, such as orchids.
a. Conventional vegetative propagation
Conventional vegetative propagation can be done through a resolution / separation of family and children or cutting plants out of the trunk, who then planted into the same medium such as ferns, mos coconut fiber, charcoal, wood shavings, with a mixture of broken tiles or bricks. Vegetative Propagation of this plant will produce children who have genetic properties similar to its parent.
2.Dendrobium orchids can multiply by tissue culture.
In vitro culture is a method to isolate parts of plants such as protoplasm, cells, tissues or organs are sterile, grown in sterile artificial media, in a sterile culture bottles and aseptic conditions, so that those parts which regenerate into complete plants .
Basic theory is a theory used totipotensi written by Schleiden and Schwann (Suryowinoto and Suryowinoto, 1977) which states that totipotensi theory is part of the living plant has totipotensi, when cultured in appropriate media, will be able to grow and develop into a perfect plant , that is able to reproduce normally reproduce by seeds or spores.
There are several ways the implementation of culture in vitro, depending on planting material and digunaka media as part of the plant protoplasm, cells, a group of cells, tissues and organs and grow them in aseptic conditions, so that these parts can be propagated and regenerated into whole plants back ( Gunawan, 1992).
Sexual plant propagation through in vitro culture has been developed for orchid plants. This plant has a fruit with seeds of a very large and small ukuranya like powdered flour (Lucky Santoso 2004) then it is called seed.
In Dendrobium plant breeding programs, generally conducted artificial crosses between the parent plant (P) to produce a new hybrid. Crosses made more easily managed if done between plants with a close kinship.
Pollination and fertilization can be successful but after the artificial crosses are often encountered problems such as fallen fruit that formed when the embryo was not yet ripe, the fruit is formed with a small endosperm or embryos formed fruits with small and weak. These conditions can inhibit plant breeding programs for the young embryo, the embryo with a small endosperm or embryos are often small and weak can not normally germinate in ordinary conditions.
To overcome this mentioned above, these embryos can be saved and planted in aseptic in artificial media that can germinate and produce plants intact. Techniques for planting a young embryo is known as embryo rescue (embryo rescue).
In addition to the embryo rescue technique is known as an embryo culture techniques (embryo culture), the planting of mature embryos on artificial medium in aseptic. This embryo culture applications include plant propagation, breaking dormancy for the glorification of the program and accelerate the multiplication of plants that are naturally hard to germinate, such as orchids.
Know Dendrobium
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I. Dendrobium Growing Conditions
1. Elevation
Dendrobium actually has a high adaptability and can grow in the area at an altitude where more than 1000 meters above sea level. Dendrobium generally liked the heat than the cold regions, but several Dendrobium species can grow only in cold regions such as Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium cuthbertsonii.
2. Light
Dendrobium are epiphytes grow by riding on the other trees without harming its host. Therefore, Dendrobium requires only light intensity and duration of illumination is limited. The amount of required light intensity of about 1500 - 3000 footcandle (fc). In comparison, when the hot sun during the day, sunlight intensity range of about 7000 to 10,000 fc. Therefore, to overcome these Dendrobium requires shade to reduce the intensity of light (Trubus, 2005).
3. Humidity
The desired humidity Dendrobium orchids ranging from 60% - 85% and the range is so massive evaporation during the day can be prevented. While the humidity at night should not exceed 70% to suppress plant disease. This may be done degan how to keep the media is not too wet (Trubus, 2005).
4. Temperature
Air temperature greatly affects the metabolic processes of plants. High air temperatures accelerate the process of metabolism and low temperature to slow down. Dendrobium growth requires temperatures average 25oC-27oC to 21oC temperature-23oC minimum and maximum 31oC - 34oC. Temperature-27oC day and 32oC better, and the temperature at night 21oC-24oC. Similar to the way of increasing the humidity, the temperature rise during the day can be suppressed by manipulating the fog and watering in the neighborhood (Trubus, 2005).
5. Water availability
The exact location of Dendrobium orchid cultivation must have adequate water availability, it is an absolute requirement especially during the dry season comes. Dendrobium do like water but should not be excessive. Water use during rapid vegetative growth rate, the young shoots to grow and before flowering. However, reduced water needs during the flower stalks grow and decrease in the period up until the blooming flower buds. (Trubus, 2005).
6. Wind
Good air exchange, smooth, and organized health very supportive of orchids. But the wind is blowing too hard can break the flower stalks. Keaadan appropriate wind is blowing wind breeze gently swaying to create the leaf and stem, and safe for the flowers (Osman and inscriptions, in 1994 Puspitasari, 2005).
II. Dendrobium morphology
1. Leaf
Dendrobium has a lancet-shaped leaves, slender and lancet lancet rounded to the size and thickness varies. Leaf out of the rod segments and each segment comes with 1-2 pieces of leaf position, face to face or in pairs. However, some species where the leaves sit facing in one segment. During the life cycle 1 Dendrobium experiencing growth periods 2-3, the vegetative, generative and some species and the long dormancy of each period depending on the species and their habitats.
2. Flowers
Dendrobium flower consists of:
a). Sepal (flower petals)
Sepal bright, consists of 3 strands of lancet-shaped, tapered or rounded and sizes vary. Sepal middle sepallum called the dorsal or eyelids back. While the two side called sepal or petal sepal lateral side. Sepal base spurs united to form a triangle.
b). Petal
Petal of three strands with third Petal below is part of a united and form the lips of flowers. Petal-shaped generally more rounded and bigger and smoother texture than the sepal. Petal colors similar except for the sepal Petal-shaped lips brighter flower color.
c). Lip (labellum)
This section is the development of the third Petal. In some species the size of the lips can be enlarged and more brightly colored. His lips are split into 3 and the bottom one with the spur interest
d). Tugu Interest (coloumn)
Monument is a gathering place flowers or flower container genitals. Dibagian monument is located midway between male and female flowers
e). Pollen (male genitalia)
Polen numbered 4, arranged in small rostellum and 2nd round. Large size range, small, even very subtle. Polinia pale yellow to bright yellow, which appears on the monument bagain.
f). Pistil (female genitalia)
Pistil normally located next to the monument is covered by the male genitalia.
g). Ovaries ('d stores)
Fruits would lie in the base of the flower. (Trubus, 2005).
3. Trunk
Dendrobium stem the growth pattern of the type of growth simpodial rod tip straight up and limited. Growth will stop after reaching the maximum point of the next new shoots or seedlings out of the rhizome and roots grow. Beruas generally stem-segments with almost the same length. Good Dendrobium is the fresh trunked, based on green, and when pressed does not blow out.
In orchids are epiphytes that have root simpodial false or Pseudobulb. Based on observations of Dendrobium stems look inflate like tubers or bulbus. Storage organ function to store water and food reserves. Actually, these bulbs are not true bulbs but only the enlarged stems.
4. Fruit
Dendrobium orchid fruit on the result of natural pollination is done animal pollinators such as insects or crosses made by man. Successful pollination within 3 - 4 months will take the form of fruit and ripe fruit will be broken in the middle. Dendrobium orchid fruit is green, large, and inflate in the middle. Shaped like a capsule or berry split into six parts. Three of them came from the remaining true ribs where the leaf attached two different fruits. In the merging of the leaves of fruit formed the seeds of orchids. Orchid seeds have no endosperm that orchid seed germination needs sugar and other compounds from the environment
5. Roots
Dendrobium orchids have roots or roots attached substrate and air roots. Root function is used as a drag attached plants, while the air root crops for survival. Roots wrapped in tissue shaped like a sponge and attached to other plants. Part of the root surface contours horizontal rod attached, with a number of root hair short, adorned the roots. Healthy roots of white Dendrobium orchid thick, at the end of the active roots of bright green, root length, number of lots, and the end of the taper (Trubus, 2005).
References
Trubus. 2005. Anggrek Dendrobium. Jakarta : PT Trubus Swadaya
1. Elevation
Dendrobium actually has a high adaptability and can grow in the area at an altitude where more than 1000 meters above sea level. Dendrobium generally liked the heat than the cold regions, but several Dendrobium species can grow only in cold regions such as Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium cuthbertsonii.
2. Light
Dendrobium are epiphytes grow by riding on the other trees without harming its host. Therefore, Dendrobium requires only light intensity and duration of illumination is limited. The amount of required light intensity of about 1500 - 3000 footcandle (fc). In comparison, when the hot sun during the day, sunlight intensity range of about 7000 to 10,000 fc. Therefore, to overcome these Dendrobium requires shade to reduce the intensity of light (Trubus, 2005).
3. Humidity
The desired humidity Dendrobium orchids ranging from 60% - 85% and the range is so massive evaporation during the day can be prevented. While the humidity at night should not exceed 70% to suppress plant disease. This may be done degan how to keep the media is not too wet (Trubus, 2005).
4. Temperature
Air temperature greatly affects the metabolic processes of plants. High air temperatures accelerate the process of metabolism and low temperature to slow down. Dendrobium growth requires temperatures average 25oC-27oC to 21oC temperature-23oC minimum and maximum 31oC - 34oC. Temperature-27oC day and 32oC better, and the temperature at night 21oC-24oC. Similar to the way of increasing the humidity, the temperature rise during the day can be suppressed by manipulating the fog and watering in the neighborhood (Trubus, 2005).
5. Water availability
The exact location of Dendrobium orchid cultivation must have adequate water availability, it is an absolute requirement especially during the dry season comes. Dendrobium do like water but should not be excessive. Water use during rapid vegetative growth rate, the young shoots to grow and before flowering. However, reduced water needs during the flower stalks grow and decrease in the period up until the blooming flower buds. (Trubus, 2005).
6. Wind
Good air exchange, smooth, and organized health very supportive of orchids. But the wind is blowing too hard can break the flower stalks. Keaadan appropriate wind is blowing wind breeze gently swaying to create the leaf and stem, and safe for the flowers (Osman and inscriptions, in 1994 Puspitasari, 2005).
II. Dendrobium morphology
1. Leaf
Dendrobium has a lancet-shaped leaves, slender and lancet lancet rounded to the size and thickness varies. Leaf out of the rod segments and each segment comes with 1-2 pieces of leaf position, face to face or in pairs. However, some species where the leaves sit facing in one segment. During the life cycle 1 Dendrobium experiencing growth periods 2-3, the vegetative, generative and some species and the long dormancy of each period depending on the species and their habitats.
2. Flowers
Dendrobium flower consists of:
a). Sepal (flower petals)
Sepal bright, consists of 3 strands of lancet-shaped, tapered or rounded and sizes vary. Sepal middle sepallum called the dorsal or eyelids back. While the two side called sepal or petal sepal lateral side. Sepal base spurs united to form a triangle.
b). Petal
Petal of three strands with third Petal below is part of a united and form the lips of flowers. Petal-shaped generally more rounded and bigger and smoother texture than the sepal. Petal colors similar except for the sepal Petal-shaped lips brighter flower color.
c). Lip (labellum)
This section is the development of the third Petal. In some species the size of the lips can be enlarged and more brightly colored. His lips are split into 3 and the bottom one with the spur interest
d). Tugu Interest (coloumn)
Monument is a gathering place flowers or flower container genitals. Dibagian monument is located midway between male and female flowers
e). Pollen (male genitalia)
Polen numbered 4, arranged in small rostellum and 2nd round. Large size range, small, even very subtle. Polinia pale yellow to bright yellow, which appears on the monument bagain.
f). Pistil (female genitalia)
Pistil normally located next to the monument is covered by the male genitalia.
g). Ovaries ('d stores)
Fruits would lie in the base of the flower. (Trubus, 2005).
3. Trunk
Dendrobium stem the growth pattern of the type of growth simpodial rod tip straight up and limited. Growth will stop after reaching the maximum point of the next new shoots or seedlings out of the rhizome and roots grow. Beruas generally stem-segments with almost the same length. Good Dendrobium is the fresh trunked, based on green, and when pressed does not blow out.
In orchids are epiphytes that have root simpodial false or Pseudobulb. Based on observations of Dendrobium stems look inflate like tubers or bulbus. Storage organ function to store water and food reserves. Actually, these bulbs are not true bulbs but only the enlarged stems.
4. Fruit
Dendrobium orchid fruit on the result of natural pollination is done animal pollinators such as insects or crosses made by man. Successful pollination within 3 - 4 months will take the form of fruit and ripe fruit will be broken in the middle. Dendrobium orchid fruit is green, large, and inflate in the middle. Shaped like a capsule or berry split into six parts. Three of them came from the remaining true ribs where the leaf attached two different fruits. In the merging of the leaves of fruit formed the seeds of orchids. Orchid seeds have no endosperm that orchid seed germination needs sugar and other compounds from the environment
5. Roots
Dendrobium orchids have roots or roots attached substrate and air roots. Root function is used as a drag attached plants, while the air root crops for survival. Roots wrapped in tissue shaped like a sponge and attached to other plants. Part of the root surface contours horizontal rod attached, with a number of root hair short, adorned the roots. Healthy roots of white Dendrobium orchid thick, at the end of the active roots of bright green, root length, number of lots, and the end of the taper (Trubus, 2005).
References
Trubus. 2005. Anggrek Dendrobium. Jakarta : PT Trubus Swadaya
Dendrobium orchids
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Indonesia, which consists of islands that stretches in a vast equatorial area of more than 8,000,000 square miles, grew by more than 6,000 species of orchid species and more than 200 species have commercial value. Dendrobium is the largest amount that grows in hot areas, growing Eastern Indonesian area, and is the main-stem cut orchid flowers Dendrobium species. And has many Dendrobium hybrids which have been produced and registered at the Sander's List (Santoso S, 1988).
Dendrobium orchids, including plants that have different growth speeds with other ornamental plants. Growth habitat was growing attached to trees, and grow on the soil surface, some are living in the bush. Dendrobium orchid plant growth, both vegetative (growing shoots, leaves, stems and roots) and generative growth (Primordia growth or flower buds, fruits and seeds) is not only determined by genetic factors, but also by climatic factors and maintenance factors (Widiastoety, 2007 ). Dendrobium orchids are unique, can be seen from the orchid Dendrobium Sonia Bom Bom is a tongue more than usual. Large flowers in white mixed with bright pink rimmed exuded matchless. Dozens lined up bud which stalk in the chain adds beauty. Dendrobium in pemeliharannya relatively easy, so that ordinary people are not difficult to enjoy the charm. This orchid flowering diligent, and flowers that bloom in pots can last up to 30 days. All the qualities that make orchid Dendrobium not easily replaced by other crops. Moreover, all the advantages that can be obtained with reasonable prices (trubus, 2005).
Dendrobium Anggek beauty can be enjoyed in many ways is not just in the pot but also stuck in a tree because of epiphytes. Similar to the habitat of several Dendrobium regulated tree lined dead logs. Orchid arranged so that the unique appearance on the sidelines of a solitary wood that supported the iron. Beauty Dendrobium more pronounced when arranged in the park, such views are often used as orchid exhibitions nationally and internationally. Use orchid Dendrobium not limited to only the figure of the plant, utilization as well as cut flowers so popular (Poster, 2005).
Various types of Dendrobium orchids in great demand by the public, because it produces beautiful flowers and gorgeous colors. Besides, the crown is not easy to fall off the interest, compared with other orchid species.
Dendrobium flower forms have shaped sepal or nearly resembles a triangle match, essentially united with foot monument to form a spur. Petal usually thinner than sepal and her lips parted. Dendrobium is the second largest orchid species found after Bulbophylum continent of Asia and Pacific, and other types of orchids are the second favorite after Cattleya. Grow epiphytic, sympodial and stem bulp with various sizes.In addition to beautiful flowers, this plant also has several advantages than usual orchids. Easier maintenance, durability flowers longer (3-6 months), and can produce a new hybrid variety of unique and rare. (Ariyadi Arief 2007).
Dendrobium grows wild in many tropical regions such as Asia and in limited numbers found in the southern United States and British colonies. Dendrobium in found in all of the farthest north of Japan to the farthest south of Tazmania and New Zealand's south side. East to the west of Tahiti and to the west of India. In this area they are found from the top edge of the highest mountain disebagian tree to the branches of trees hanging down. (Lavarack 2000)
Orchids relatives grew began in lowland Borneo, to the foot of the Himalayas at the altitude of 3800 meters above sea level. Dendrobium orchid habitats found in the coral beaches, soil, rocks or ride in the trees like mangroves, coconut, and rubber, so-called epiphytes plants. Endrobium orchids in Indonesia are often found in the woods around Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Irian Jaya, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. Some species are widely spread, including spread anosmum Dendrobium in India to Papua, erosum growing Dendrobium from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua to Vanuatu, Dendrobium crumenatum found in Myanmar to Papua. Other types of stuartii Dendrobium, Dendrobium scundum, and Dendrobium macrophyllum (Trubus, 2005).
Dendrobium grows wild in many tropical regions such as Asia and in limited numbers found in the southern United States and British colonies. Dendrobium in found in all of the farthest north of Japan to the farthest south of Tazmania and New Zealand's south side. East to the west of Tahiti and to the west of India. In this area they are found from the top edge of the highest mountain disebagian tree to the branches of trees hanging down. (Lavarack 2000)
Orchids relatives grew began in lowland Borneo, to the foot of the Himalayas at the altitude of 3800 meters above sea level. Dendrobium orchid habitats found in the coral beaches, soil, rocks or ride in the trees like mangroves, coconut, and rubber, so-called epiphytes plants. Endrobium orchids in Indonesia are often found in the woods around Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Irian Jaya, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. Some species are widely spread, including spread anosmum Dendrobium in India to Papua, erosum growing Dendrobium from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua to Vanuatu, Dendrobium crumenatum found in Myanmar to Papua. Other types of stuartii Dendrobium, Dendrobium scundum, and Dendrobium macrophyllum (Trubus, 2005).
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